Organic sleep disorder, nonorganic sleep disorder and as symptom of other diseasesĬlinical classification into four major groups: Disorder of initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS) - Insomnias, Disorder of Excessive sleep (DOES) - Hypersomnias, Disorder of sleep-wake schedule (Circadian rhythm disorders) and Parasomnias Recognized as both a disease and a symptom of other diseasesĭisorder of Sleep as an independent category Evolution of classifications of sleep disorders Yearĭisturbance of sleep was seen as a symptom of other diseases Circadian rhythm sleep disorders were discovered in 1981 by Weitzman as delayed sleep phase syndrome in contrast to advanced sleep phase syndrome in 1979. Charles Burwell in 1956 recognized obstructive sleep apnea as Pickwickian syndrome. Sir William Osler in 1906 correlated snoring, obesity and somnolence (sleepiness) to Dicken's description of Joe. Insomnias were classified as primary and secondary until 1970 when they were recognized as symptoms of other disorders. Broughton in 1968 developed classification of the arousal disorders as confusional arousals: night terrors and sleep walking. Kleitman in 1939 recognized types of parasomnias as nightmares, night terrors, somniloquy (sleep-talking), somnambulism (sleepwalking), grinding of teeth, jactatians, enuresis, delirium, nonepileptic convulsions and personality dissociation. Roger in 1932 coined the term parasomnia and classified hypersomnia, insomnia and parasomnia. Lehermitte called it paroxysmal hypersomnia in 1930 to differentiate it from prolonged hypersomnia. Westphal in 1877 described first case of narcolepsy, the name coined later by Gelineu in 1880 in association with cataplexy. Narcolepsy, hypnogogic hallucination, wakefulness and somnolence were mentioned by other authors of the nineteenth century. The first book on sleep was published in 1830 by Robert MacNish it described sleeplessness, nightmares, sleepwalking and sleep-talking. Admittedly, the development of sleep disorder classification remains as much an art as it is a science. The validity and reliability of various sleep disorders are yet to be proved and need further research within the ever-changing field of " Sleep Medicine". ĭiagnoses of sleep disorders are based on self-assessment questionnaires, clinical interview, physical examination and laboratory procedures. There has, over the last 60 years, occurred a slow confluence of the three systems of classification. The ICD and DSM lump different disorders together while the ICSD tends to split related disorders into multiple discrete categories.
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